Plants are classified into different groups based on their characteristics. One of the largest groups of plants is angiosperms, also known as flowering plants. These plants are found almost everywhere on Earth and play a vital role in our ecosystem.
In this article, we will explore angiosperms in detail, making it easy to understand for students preparing for competitive exams like SSC, RRB NTPC, UPSC, and state-level exams.
What Are Angiosperms?
Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and have their seeds enclosed within fruits. The term “angiosperm” comes from Greek words: ‘angio-‘ meaning covered and ‘sperma’ meaning seed.
This indicates that their seeds are protected inside a fruit, unlike gymnosperms (like pine trees) whose seeds are exposed.
They are the most advanced and diverse group of plants, with more than 300,000 species found worldwide.
Key Characteristics of Angiosperms
- Flowers: Serve as the reproductive structures containing male (stamens) and/or female (carpels) organs.
- Seeds inside Fruits: Their seeds are enclosed within fruits, which protect them and aid in dispersal.
- Double Fertilization: They undergo a special reproductive process called double fertilization.
- Broad Leaves: Most angiosperms have broad leaves that help in photosynthesis.
- Diverse Habitats: They can be found in deserts, mountains, oceans, and forests.
- Vascular System: Composed of xylem (transports water) and phloem (transports nutrients).
- Diverse Forms: Trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses, adapting to various habitats.
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Classification of Angiosperms
Angiosperms are broadly divided into two groups:
1. Monocotyledons (Monocots)
These plants have one seed leaf (cotyledon). They include grasses, lilies, and orchids.
| Characteristic | Monocots |
|---|---|
| Cotyledons | One |
| Leaf Venation | Parallel |
| Root System | Fibrous |
| Flower Parts | Multiples of 3 |
| Stem Vascular Bundles | Scattered |
2. Dicotyledons (Dicots)
These plants have two seed leaves (cotyledons). Examples include roses, beans, and mango trees.
| Characteristic | Dicots |
|---|---|
| Cotyledons | Two |
| Leaf Venation | Net-like |
| Root System | Taproot |
| Flower Parts | Multiples of 4 or 5 |
| Stem Vascular Bundles | Arranged in a ring |
â—¾ Diversity in the Living World: Class 11 NCERT Notes
Life Cycle of Angiosperms
- Germination: The seed sprouts into a seedling.
- Growth: The seedling develops into a mature plant with roots, stems, and leaves.
- Flowering: The mature plant produces flowers, initiating the reproductive phase.
- Pollination: The Transfer of pollen from the male part (anther) to the female part (stigma).
- Fertilization: Pollen fertilizes the ovule within the ovary.
- Seed and Fruit Formation: The fertilized ovule becomes a seed, and the ovary develops into a fruit.
- Dispersal: Seeds are spread by various means (wind, water, animals) to grow new plants.
Importance of Angiosperms
- Food Source: Provide staples like fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts.
- Wood and Fibers: They provide timber, paper, and cotton.
- Oxygen Production: Through photosynthesis, they release oxygen into the atmosphere.
- Ecosystem Stability: Offer habitats and food for numerous animal species.
- Economic Value: Supply materials like wood, fibers, and medicinal compounds.
- Medicine: Many medicines are derived from angiosperms (e.g., quinine from cinchona).
Reproduction in Angiosperms
Angiosperms reproduce through seeds, which develop inside flowers. Their reproduction involves three main steps:
- Pollination: The Transfer of pollen from the male part (anther) to the female part (stigma).
- Fertilization: Pollen travels down to the ovary and fertilizes the ovule.
- Seed and Fruit Formation: The fertilized ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary becomes a fruit.
Types of Pollination
- Self-Pollination: Pollen from the same flower fertilizes the ovule.
- Cross-Pollination: Pollen from one flower fertilizes another flower of the same species. This is aided by wind, water, or insects.
Fun Facts About Angiosperms
- They are the largest group of plants, with around 300,000 species, accounting for about 80% of all known green plants.
- The smallest flowering plant is Wolffia, also known as duckweed, which floats on water surfaces.
- The tallest angiosperms are eucalyptus trees, reaching heights over 300 feet.
Mnemonic to Remember Angiosperms
To help you recall the key features of angiosperms, use the mnemonic “FLOWER”:
- F: Fruits (develop from the ovary)
- L: Leaves
- O: Ovules (enclosed within the ovary)
- W: Water-conducting tissues (xylem)
- E: Enclosed seeds
- R: Roots
Conclusion
Angiosperms are a remarkable and diverse group of plants that have adapted to thrive in various environments. Their unique features, such as flowers and enclosed seeds, distinguish them from other plant groups. Understanding angiosperms is essential for appreciating the plant kingdom’s complexity and preparing for competitive exams. Keep exploring, stay curious, and remember—every big tree started as a tiny seed. Happy learning! 🌸
