Mastering 85 Ramsar Sites in India UPSC Notes [2024]: Updated List

At present, India is home to a total of 85 Ramsar sites. In this article, we explore the definition and significance of Ramsar Sites, shedding light on their names and locations across different states in India.

The term “Ramsar Sites” originated when the International Treaty for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wetlands was signed in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971.

Understanding the ‘Ramsar Sites of India holds significance, especially for the upcoming competitive Exam.

Therefore, aspirants preparing for the competitive exam should familiarize themselves with information about Ramsar Sites and the Ramsar Convention. Continue reading to gather pertinent details about Ramsar Sites and access the comprehensive list of these designated areas.

Recent News about Ramsar Sites in India

At the end of 2023, there were 75 Ramsar sites in India. However, in January 2024, the Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Shri Bhupender Yadav, revealed five new Ramsar sites, recognized as Wetlands of International Importance.

In June 2024, two additional wetlands were declared by him, both located in Bihar. Thus, in 2024, a total of seven wetlands were added to the list of Ramsar sites.

On August 14, 2024, India’s Ministry of Environment declared the designation of three additional wetlands as Ramsar sites, increasing the total number in the country to 85.

With the addition of these newly declared Ramsar Sites, India now has a total of 85 wetlands under the Ramsar Convention.

Here is the list of the 3 newly declared wetlands:

Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)

Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)

Tawa Reservoir (Madhya Pradesh)

Number of Wetlands in India as of 2024

The Ramsar Convention, started in 1971, aims to protect and use wetlands wisely by working together locally, nationally, and globally for the sustainable development of our world.

To keep track of important changes that could affect wetlands, whether good or bad, Ramsar sites are carefully recorded in the Montreux Record.

In India, the Ramsar Convention began on February 1, 1982. Right now, India has the most designated important wetlands (Ramsar Sites) in South Asia, with a total of 85 sites.

List of 85 Ramsar Sites in India as of 2024

For those gearing up for upcoming competitive exams in 2024, it is advisable to delve into topics akin to the ‘Ramsar Wetlands in India List,’ as outlined in the provided table.

Sl.No	Ramsar Site	State
1	Saman Bird Sanctuary	Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh
2	Sur Sarovar	Agra, Uttar Pradesh
3	Sarsai Nawar Jheel	Etawah, Uttar Pradesh
4	Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary	Nawabganj, Uttar Pradesh
5	Samaspur Bird Sanctuary	Raebareli‎, Uttar Pradesh
6	Sandi Bird Sanctuary	Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh
7	Parvati Aranga Bird Sanctuary	Gonda, Uttar Pradesh
8	Upper Ganga River	Brijghat to Narora Stretch, Uttar Pradesh
9	Haiderpur Wetland	Muzaffarnagar-Bijnor border, Uttar Pradesh
10	Bakhira Bird Sanctuary	Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh
11	Sasthamkotta Lake	Kerala
12	Ashtamudi Lake	Kerala
13	Vembanad-Kol Wetland	Kerala
14	Bhoj Wetland	Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
15	Sakhya Sagar Lake	Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh
16	Sirpur wetland	Indore, Madhya Pradesh
17	Yashwant Sagar	Madhya Pradesh
18	Nandur Madhameshwar	Nashik, Maharashtra
19	Thane Creek	Maharashtra
20	Lonar Lake	Maharashtra
21	Keoladeo National Park	Rajasthan
22	Sambhar Lake	Rajasthan
23	Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
24	Karikili Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
25	Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest	Tamil Nadu
26	Pichavaram Mangrove	Tamil Nadu
27	Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve	Tamil Nadu
28	Vembannur Wetland Complex	Tamil Nadu
29	Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
30	Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex	Tamil Nadu
31	Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
32	Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
33	Vellode Bird Sanctuary	Vadamugam Vellode, Tamil Nadu
34	Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary	Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu
35	Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary	Koonthakulam, Tamil Nadu
36	Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary	Vedathangal, Madurantakam , Tamil Nadu
37	Pala wetland	Mizoram
38	Kolleru Lake	Andhra Pradesh
39	Tsomoriri	Ladakh
40	Tso Kar	Ladakh
41	Hokera Wetland	Jammu & Kashmir
42	Wular Lake	Jammu & Kashmir
43	Surinsar-Mansar Lakes	Jammu & Kashmir
44	Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve	Jammu & Kashmir
45	Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve	Jammu & Kashmir
46	Chilka Lake	Odisha
47	Bhitarkanika Mangroves	Odisha
48	Satkosia Gorge	Odisha
49	Tampara Lake	Odisha
50	Hirakud Reservoir	Odisha
51	Ansupa Lake	Odisha
52	East Kolkata Wetlands	West Bengal
53	Sundarban Wetland	West Bengal
54	Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve	Punjab
55	Beas Conservation Reserve	Punjab
56	Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary	Punjab
57	Harike Wetland	Punjab
58	Kanjli Wetland	Punjab
59	Ropar Wetland	Punjab
60	Deepar Beel	Kamrup, Assam
61	Rudrasagar Lake	Melaghar, Tripura
62	Pong Dam Lake	Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
63	Chandra Lake	Lahul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh
64	Renuka Lake	Sirmaur , Himachal Pradesh
65	Asan Barrage	Dehradun, Uttarakhand
66	Kanwar Taal or Kabar Taal Lake	Begusarai, Bihar
67	Sultanpur National Park	Gurugram, Haryana
68	Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary	Jhajjar, Haryana
69	Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary	Ahmedabad, Gujarat
70	Thol Lake	Mehsana, Gujarat
71	Wadhvana Wetland	Vadodara, Gujarat
72	Khijadia Bird Sanctuary	Jamnagar, Gujarat
73	Ranganathituu Bird Sanctuary	Karnataka
74	Nanda Lake	Goa
75	Loktak Lake	Moirang, Manipur
76	Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve	Karnataka
77	Aghanashini Estuary	Karnataka
78	Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve	Karnataka
79	Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
80	Longwood Shola Reserve Forest	Tamil Nadu
81	Nagi Bird Sanctuary	Bihar
82	Nakti Bird Sanctuary	Bihar
83/td>	Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
84	Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
85	Tawa Reservoir	Madhya Pradesh

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Ramsar Sites in India MAP 2024

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State-wise List of Ramsar sites in India

Here’s a complete list of Ramsar sites in India, organized by state. This guide gives a detailed look at the wetlands recognized under the Ramsar Convention and highlights how each state helps protect these important ecosystems. It offers a great insight into India’s commitment to preserving its natural heritage.

State-wise List of Ramsar sites in India
State	List of Ramsar sites in India
Andhra Pradesh	Kolleru Lake
Assam	Deepor Beel
Bihar	Kanwar Lake Nagi Bird Sanctuary Nakti Bird Sanctuary
Goa	Nanda Lake
Gujarat	Khijadiya Nalsarovar Thol Lake Wadhvana Wetland
Haryana	Sultanpur National Park Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
Himachal Pradesh	Chandra Taal Pong Dam Lake Renuka Lake
Jammu and Kashmir	Hokersar Wetland Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve Surinsar-Mansar Lakes Wular Lake
Karnataka	Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve Aghanashini Estuary Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve
Kerala	Ashtamudi Wetland Sasthamkotta Lake Vembanad-Kol Wetland
Ladakh	Tso Kar Tsomoriri Lake
Madhya Pradesh	Bhoj Wetland Sakhya Sagar Sirpur Lake Yashwant Sagar Tawa Reservoir
Maharashtra	Lonar Lake Nandur Madhameshwar Thane Creek
Manipur	Loktak Lake
Mizoram	Pala Wetland
Odisha	Ansupa Lake Bhitarkanika Mangroves Chilika Lake Hirakud Reservoir Satkosia Gorge Tampara Lake
Punjab	Beas Conservation Reserve Harike Wetland Kanjli Wetland Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary Ropar Wetland
Rajasthan	Keoladeo National Park Sambhar Lake
Tamil Nadu	Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary Karikili Bird Sanctuary Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary Pallikarnai Marsh Reserve Forest Pichavaram Mangrove Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex Udhayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary Vadavur Bird Sanctuary Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Vellode Bird Sanctuary Vembannur Wetland Complex Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary Longwood Shola Reserve Forest Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary
Tripura	Rudrasagar Lake
Uttar Pradesh	Bakhira Sanctuary Haiderpur Wetland Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary Saman Bird Sanctuary Samaspur Bird Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sarsai Nawar Jheel Sur Sarovar Upper Ganga River
Uttarakhand	Asan Barrage
West Bengal	East Kolkata Wetlands Sundarban Wetland

State-wise Number of Ramsar Sites in India

Here is a compilation of the number of Ramsar Sites in each state across India:

State	Number of Ramsar sites in India
Andhra Pradesh	1
Assam	1
Bihar	3
Goa	1
Gujarat	4
Haryana	2
Himachal Pradesh	3
Jammu and Kashmir	5
Karnataka	4
Kerala	3
Ladakh	2
Madhya Pradesh	5
Maharashtra	3
Manipur	1
Mizoram	1
Odisha	6
Punjab	6
Rajasthan	2
Tamil Nadu	18
Tripura	1
Uttar Pradesh	10
Uttarakhand	1
West Bengal	2
Total Wetlands in India	85

Okay, now that you have the information about the number and list of wetlands in India under Ramsar conservation, continue reading the rest of this post to learn more about wetlands and key facts about them.

What is the Ramsar Convention?

The Ramsar Convention, also called the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, focuses on protecting and using wetlands wisely. It became official in 1975 after being agreed upon in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971.

This treaty helps countries work together to take care of wetlands and the plants and animals that rely on them. It reminds us how vital wetlands are for things like clean water, food, and dealing with climate change.

More than 255,897,678 ha hectares of wetland have been protected through this convention.

Why it’s called “Ramsar”

The term “Ramsar” comes from the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands was signed in 1971.

This international treaty aims to conserve and sustainably use wetlands, recognizing their ecological importance and the benefits they provide to biodiversity and human well-being.

What are the three pillars of the Ramsar Convention?

The three pillars of the Ramsar Convention, which form the foundation of its mission and objectives, are:

• Wise Use of Wetlands: This pillar emphasizes the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands to maintain their ecological character as determined by the conditions of the ecosystem.

• Designation of Wetlands of International Importance: Under this pillar, countries identify and designate suitable wetlands to be included in the Ramsar List, ensuring their effective management and conservation.

• International Cooperation: This pillar encourages collaboration among countries to support wetland conservation through sharing information, expertise, and policies, and by coordinating efforts on transboundary wetlands, shared water systems, and shared species.

These pillars guide the actions of the Contracting Parties to the convention in conserving wetlands and maximizing their ecological and socio-economic benefits sustainably.

What Does ‘Wise Use of Wetlands’ Mean?

The phrase “wise use of wetlands” means taking care of wetlands in a way that keeps them healthy and useful for both nature and people. This idea is a key part of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, an international agreement to protect and use wetlands sustainably.

Here’s what wise use involves:

• Protecting Wetlands: Making sure wetlands stay healthy while allowing people to use them in ways that don’t cause harm.

• Providing Benefits: Ensuring wetlands continue to offer important services like clean water, flood control, and habitats for animals.

• Creating Plans and Laws: Developing national plans, policies, and laws to protect wetlands.

• Educating People: Teaching the public about the importance of wetlands and how to protect them.

• Managing Wetlands: Creating management plans that consider the entire ecosystem, including the surrounding areas.

What are Wetlands?

Wetlands are diverse ecosystems characterized by areas of land that are saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally. The presence of water significantly influences soil development and the types of plant and animal communities living in and around the area.

Here are some key points about wetlands:

• Hydrology: Wetlands typically have standing water or soil saturated with water for at least part of the year.

• Soil: The soil in wetlands, known as hydric soil, is often low in oxygen (anoxic), which affects the decomposition process and the types of organisms that can live there.

• Vegetation: Plants found in wetlands, called hydrophytes, are adapted to grow in water-saturated soil conditions. They play a crucial role in the wetland’s ecological health.

• Biodiversity: Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, supporting a rich diversity of species, including many birds, fish, amphibians, and invertebrates.

• Ecosystem Services: They provide numerous valuable services such as water purification, flood protection, carbon storage, and habitats for wildlife.

• Types: There are various types of wetlands, including marshes, swamps, bogs, fens, and peatlands, each with distinct characteristics and ecological functions.

Wetlands are important not only for their ecological benefits but also for their cultural, scientific, and recreational value. They are critical habitats that require conservation and wise management to ensure their services are maintained for future generations.

Types of Wetlands under Ramsar Convention

Here is a list of water bodies recognized as wetlands under the Ramsar Convention.

• All lakes
• Rivers
• Underground aquifers
• Swamps and Marshes
• Wet grasslands
• Peatlands
• Oases
• Estuaries
• Deltas and tidal flats
• Mangroves and other coastal areas
• Coral reefs
• All human-made sites such as fishponds, rice paddies, reservoirs, and salt pans

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Major Significance of Wetlands

Wetlands are vital ecosystems that offer a multitude of benefits, both ecological and economic. Here’s an enhanced overview of their significance:

Ecosystem Services:

• Water Purification: Wetlands act as natural filters, removing pollutants and sediments from water.

• Climate Regulation: They store carbon, helping to mitigate climate change.

• Flood Mitigation: Wetlands absorb excess rainfall, reducing flood risks.

Human Uses:

• Agriculture: Wetlands support the cultivation of rice, a staple for over half the global population, and other crops like lotus and water chestnuts.

• Industry: They provide water for industrial processes and materials like jute fibers.

• Transportation: Wetlands serve as waterways for the movement of goods and people.

Biodiversity Hotspots:

• Nurseries for Wildlife: Many species breed and raise their young in the sheltered environment of wetlands.

• High Species Density: Wetlands often host dense populations of various animals, including endangered species.

Cultural and Recreational Value:

• Heritage Sites: Many wetlands are places of cultural significance and beauty.

• Recreation: They offer opportunities for activities like bird-watching and fishing.

In summary, wetlands are indispensable for their ecological functions, support for human livelihoods, and contribution to biodiversity. Their conservation is essential for maintaining these benefits for future generations.

World Wetland Day 2024

The convention also marks World Wetlands Day each year on February 2nd to remind everyone about the important role wetlands play for us and our planet.

What is the theme of World Wetland Day 2024?

The theme for World Wetlands Day in 2024 is “Wetlands and Human Wellbeing”.

This theme shows how crucial wetlands are for our well-being in different ways, like keeping us physically and mentally healthy, and protecting our environment.

It highlights how closely linked wetlands and human life are, as we rely on them for food, inspiration, and strength. This theme stresses the need to care for and protect our wetlands so that everyone can benefit.

A Timeline of India’s Ramsar Site Inclusions

Here’s the timeline of the addition of Ramsar Sites in India, organized by year:

July 2020

• Kanwar Lake or Kabal Taal – Bihar
• Sunderban Reserve Forest (Sunderban Wetlands) – Kolkata

November 2020

• Lonar Lake – Maharashtra
• Sur Sarovar (Keetham Lake) – Agra, Uttar Pradesh
• Asan Barrage – Uttarakhand

December 2020

• Tso Kar Wetland Complex – Ladakh

February 2nd, 2022

• Establishment of the Centre for Wetland Conservation & Management – Chennai

August 2021

• Sultanpur National Park – Gurugram, Haryana
• Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary – Jhajjar, Haryana
• Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary – Near Ahmedabad, Gujarat
• Wadhvana Wetland – Vadodara, Gujarat

December 2021

• Haiderpur Wetland – Uttar Pradesh

February 2nd (World Wetland Day) 2022

• Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary – Gujarat
• Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary – Uttar Pradesh

July 2022

• Karikili Bird Sanctuary – Tamil Nadu
• Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest – Tamil Nadu
• Pichavaram Mangrove – Tamil Nadu
• Sakhya Sagar – Madhya Pradesh
• Pala Wetlands – Mizoram

January 2024

• Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve – Karnataka
• Aghanashini Estuary – Karnataka
• Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve – Karnataka
• Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary – Tamil Nadu
• Longwood Shola Reserve Forest – Tamil Nadu

June 2024

• Nagi Bird Sanctuary – Bihar
• Nakti Bird Sanctuary – Bihar

August 2024

• Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
• Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
• Tawa Reservoir (Madhya Pradesh)

This timeline reflects the progressive efforts of India in conserving its wetlands and the growing recognition of these vital ecosystems. The Ramsar Convention plays a crucial role in the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands globally.

First Ramsar site in India

The Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, recognizes certain wetlands of “international importance”. When a country joins the Convention, it must designate at least one such wetland as a Ramsar Site.

In India, the first Ramsar Sites were Chilika Lake in Odisha and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan. These sites were recognized for their significant ecological value and the diverse range of flora and fauna they support.

Chilika Lake is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the second largest in the world. It’s an important habitat for a vast variety of fish and bird species. Keoladeo National Park, also known as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, is famous for its rich avifauna and is a major center for ornithology.

These sites play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of the region and are a testament to India’s commitment to conserving its rich biodiversity. As of August 2024, India has 85 Ramsar Sites.

Largest Ramsar site in India

The largest Ramsar site in India is the Sundarbans. The Sundarbans is a vast mangrove forest that spans across parts of India and Bangladesh. It was designated as such on January 30, 2019. The Indian Sundarban covers the southwestern part of the delta formed by the Rivers Ganges and Brahmaputra on the Bay of Bengal, constituting over 60% of India’s total mangrove forest area.

This unique ecosystem includes a vast network of rivers, tributaries, and creeks, and is home to a significant population of tigers, which have developed unique aquatic hunting skills. The Sundarban Wetland is also critical for the conservation of several rare and globally threatened species like the critically endangered northern river terrapin, the endangered Irrawaddy dolphin, and the vulnerable fishing cat.

The area serves multiple functions, including storm protection, water filtration, and as a nursery for fish and shellfish, which sustains the fisheries of the entire eastern coast of India. Its protection and management are considered a conservation priority due to the habitat’s uniqueness, its rich biodiversity, and the valuable services it provides locally, regionally, and globally.

How are Wetlands Formed?

Wetlands are lively and complex ecosystems that form through a mix of water, land, and living things. They are created by many natural processes and human activities. Here’s a simpler look at the main factors that help wetlands develop:

Sedimentation Dynamics: Wetlands frequently arise in areas where water movement is reduced, allowing for the accumulation of sediments and organic materials. This is common in floodplains and river deltas, where the slower water flow encourages sediment deposition, fostering an environment conducive to wetland development.

Coastal Interactions: In the interface where land meets sea, coastal wetlands such as mangroves and salt marshes are born. The interplay of saline and freshwater, coupled with sediment deposition from tidal movements and ocean currents, lays the groundwork for these vital ecosystems.

Fluvial Alterations: The ever-changing paths of rivers can lead to the formation of oxbow lakes—serpentine water bodies left behind when a river alters its course. These natural remnants can evolve into wetlands as they become colonized by aquatic flora.

Limestone Landscapes: In regions characterized by limestone or other soluble rocks, karst topography can lead to the creation of sinkholes and karst wetlands. These features form when water erodes the underlying rock, creating unique wetland habitats.

Glacial Legacy: The retreat of glaciers sculpts the land, leaving behind depressions known as kettle holes. These formations can collect water, gradually transforming into wetlands over time.

Anthropogenic Wetlands: Human activities, including the construction of dams, the cultivation of rice paddies, and the implementation of irrigation systems, can result in the intentional or unintentional creation of wetlands. These man-made ecosystems often serve specific functions and possess distinct characteristics.

Volcanic Contributions: In volcanic regions, the craters and depressions left by eruptions can fill with water, setting the stage for wetland formation as vegetation takes root in these fertile grounds.

Climatic Factors: The long-term shifts in climate, such as changes in precipitation patterns and sea-level fluctuations, play a pivotal role in the genesis and sustainability of wetlands. These changes can expand or contract wetland boundaries, influencing their ecological balance.

Types of Ramsar Sites in India

India is home to a large number of Ramsar Sites, with over 27,000 of them! These sites include both inland and coastal wetlands, with about 23,000 located inland and 4,000 along the coast. Wetlands cover 18.4% of the country’s land area and are not only important for nature but also for farming, as nearly 70% are used for growing rice.

The wetlands in India are a mix of natural and man-made wonders. There are around 1.5 million hectares of natural Ramsar Sites, and about 2.6 million hectares that people have created, showing how we can work together with nature and development.

• Coastal Wetlands: Stretching over 6,750 square kilometers, India’s coastal wetlands are a sanctuary for rich mangrove forests. These sites are classified based on their geographical features, nutrient levels, types of vegetation, and thermal properties.

• Glacial Wetlands: The serene beauty of Tsomoriri in Ladakh and Chandertal in Himachal Pradesh are prime examples of glacial wetlands, formed in the quiet aftermath of glacial movements.

• Tectonic Wetlands: Formed by the shifts and shuffles of the earth’s crust, tectonic wetlands like Nilnag in Jammu and Kashmir, Khajjiar in Himachal Pradesh, and the famous Nainital and Bhimtal in Uttarakhand are nestled in the lap of geological wonders.

• Oxbow Wetlands: The meandering courses of rivers give rise to oxbow wetlands, with Dal Lake in Jammu & Kashmir and Loktak Lake in Manipur being notable instances.

• Lagoon Wetlands: The brackish water bodies like Chilika in Odisha represent the lagoon wetlands, thriving at the delicate confluence of freshwater and sea.

• Crater Wetlands: The dramatic Lonar Lake in Maharashtra and the saline expanse of Pangong Tso in Jammu and Kashmir are remnants of volcanic activities, now teeming with life.

• Urban Wetlands: Urban landscapes harbor wetlands like Dal Lake and Nainital, which are interspersed with man-made ponds and tanks, enriching the biodiversity within city bounds.

• Reservoir Wetlands: The grandeur of dams like Idukki, Hirakud, and Bhakra-Nangal is not just in their structure but also in their ecological significance as Ramsar Sites.

• Mangrove Wetlands: Bhitarkanika in Odisha is a testament to the resilience of coastal ecosystems, where mangroves, coral reefs, and estuaries flourish.

The National Wetland Conservation & Management Programme (NWCMP) plays a pivotal role in the conservation of these wetlands, recognizing and protecting about 100 identified sites across India, thus ensuring their ecological prosperity.

Features of Ramsar Sites in India

India’s Ramsar Sites highlight the country’s rich natural resources. These important wetlands play a crucial role in supporting various plants and animals, providing water, and keeping the environment healthy. Here’s a simpler look at what makes these wetlands so special:

Ecological Treasures: The Ramsar Sites across India are recognized as ecological treasures, serving as sanctuaries for a diverse array of flora and fauna. They offer essential habitats for a multitude of species, including birds, mammals, reptiles, and aquatic organisms, many of which are endemic to the region.

Diverse Wetland Ecosystems: The country’s Ramsar Sites encompass an assortment of wetland ecosystems, ranging from tranquil lakes and meandering rivers to vibrant estuaries, dense mangrove forests, and serene coastal lagoons. Each ecosystem is a unique microcosm, supporting specialized species and contributing to the overall ecological diversity of the region.

Mangrove Sanctuaries: The coastal Ramsar Sites are often enveloped by sprawling mangrove forests. These resilient vegetations are not only crucial for the breeding of marine life but also serve as protective barriers against coastal erosion and are significant carbon sinks.

Aquatic Flora: The aquatic vegetation in these wetlands, including the enchanting water lilies, lotuses, and reeds, plays an instrumental role in preserving water quality. They provide sustenance and refuge for wildlife, thus maintaining the intricate balance of these aquatic habitats.

Avian Highways: Serving as pivotal stopovers for migratory birds along the Central Asian Flyway, India’s Ramsar Sites provide nourishment and rest to countless avian travelers on their epic journeys, underscoring the global significance of these wetlands.

Refuge for the Rare: Certain Ramsar Sites are the last refuges for endangered species, such as the Siberian crane at Keoladeo National Park. The preservation of these habitats is critical for the survival of these threatened species.

Cultural Heritage: Beyond their ecological importance, many Ramsar Sites are deeply woven into the cultural fabric of local communities. They are living symbols of heritage, reflecting the traditional practices and spiritual beliefs of the people.

Recreational Hotspots: These wetlands are also vibrant hubs for tourism and recreation, drawing nature lovers for birdwatching, boating, and fishing. They contribute to eco-tourism and bolster local economies.

Lifelines for Communities: As vital sources of freshwater, Ramsar Sites are indispensable for nearby communities. Sustainable management is key to ensuring these wetlands continue to provide clean water.

Centers of Learning: Many Ramsar Sites function as dynamic outdoor classrooms, supporting research and education on wetland ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation methods.

Bastions of Climate Resilience: These wetlands are natural buffers against climatic extremes, absorbing excess rainfall and mitigating the risks of floods and droughts, highlighting their role in climate adaptation.

Guardians of Tradition: Some Ramsar Sites are managed through age-old, sustainable practices passed down through generations, exemplifying the harmony between human traditions and ecological stewardship.

Significance of Ramsar Sites in India

The Ramsar Sites in India are very important because they show how much the country cares about protecting its unique environment. These special places are recognized for many reasons, including their ecological, cultural, economic, scientific, and recreational value. Here’s a simpler overview of what makes Ramsar Sites in India special:

Ecological Significance

• Biodiversity Sanctuaries: Ramsar Sites serve as sanctuaries for biodiversity, offering refuge to a plethora of species, including those that are endangered or migratory.

• Providers of Ecosystem Services: These wetlands deliver essential services like water filtration, flood mitigation, groundwater replenishment, and carbon storage.

• Varied Ecosystems: Representing a mosaic of wetland ecosystems, Ramsar Sites include mangroves, estuaries, and marshes, each contributing uniquely to ecological health.

• Aquatic Nurseries: They are crucial nurseries for aquatic life, bolstering the sustenance of local communities.

Cultural Importance

• Cultural Nexus: These sites are woven into the cultural fabric, playing a role in religious rites and sustaining traditional livelihoods.

• Heritage Preservation: Ramsar Sites aid in the conservation of cultural heritage, maintaining time-honored customs and lifestyles.

Economic Contributions

• Fisheries Support: They underpin fishing industries by providing habitats for aquatic species, thus fueling local economies.

• Tourism Magnets: The allure of Ramsar Sites draws tourists, spurring economic growth and job creation in the tourism sector.

Scientific Relevance

• Research Hubs: These sites are natural laboratories for studying wetland ecology, biodiversity, and the effects of climate change.

• Climate Change Combatants: Certain Ramsar Sites, such as peatlands, are pivotal in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration.

Recreational Opportunities

• Eco-tourism Destinations: Ramsar Sites offer venues for eco-tourism activities like birdwatching and boating, enhancing visitor experiences.

Conservation and Educational Platforms

• Conservation Centers: They are focal points for conservation initiatives aimed at protecting and rejuvenating wetland ecosystems.

• Educational Catalysts: Ramsar Sites are instrumental in raising public awareness about the significance of wetland conservation.

Water Resource Provision

• Water Reservoirs: Many Ramsar Sites are critical sources of freshwater, ensuring a steady supply for surrounding communities.

Climate Resilience

• Natural Flood Barriers: These wetlands act as natural sponges, mitigating the impacts of floods and droughts, thereby enhancing climate resilience.

Key Facts about Ramsar Wetlands Sites of India

Here’s a set of Ramsar Sites in India & Indian Wetlands related facts in a question-and-answer format for competitive exams:

Q1. What are Ramsar Sites?

Ramsar Sites are wetland areas listed under the Ramsar Convention, aiming to conserve and promote the sustainable use of natural resources.

Q2. What is the Ramsar Convention?

The Ramsar Convention, also known as the Convention of Wetlands, was established by UNESCO in 1971 and came into force in 1975.

Q3. Is India a part of the Ramsar Convention?

Yes, India is a party to the Ramsar Convention, having signed it on 1st February 1982.

Q4. How many Ramsar Sites are in India?

India currently has 85 Ramsar Sites, according to the latest information.

Q5. Which is the largest Ramsar Site in India?

The Sundarbans hold the title of the largest Ramsar Site in India.

Q6. Which is the first Ramsar Site in India?

Chilika Lake (Odisha) and Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) were the first recognized Ramsar Sites in India.

Q7. Which Indian state has the most number of Ramsar Sites?

Tamil Nadu boasts the highest number of Ramsar Sites in India, with a total of 18 Indian Wetlands.

Q8. Which is the smallest wetland in India?

Renuka Wetland in Himachal Pradesh, covering an area of 20 hectares, is the smallest wetland in India.

Other Interesting Facts about the Ramsar sites

Here are some additional interesting facts about Ramsar Sites that can be valuable for aspirants preparing for competitive exams:

• Ramsar sites are globally recognized as crucial protected areas.

• Currently, there are over 2518 Ramsar sites worldwide, covering an expansive 257289430 hectares.

• The first Ramsar site, identified in 1974, was the Cobourg Peninsula in Australia.

• The United Kingdom leads globally with 175 Ramsar Sites.

•  The largest Sites under the Ramsar convention is Rio Negro in Brazil (120,000 square km).

• International Wetlands Day, celebrated on February 2, marks the signing of the Ramsar Convention in 1971.

• The Ramsar Convention collaborates with organizations like IUCN, Birdlife International, IWMI, Wetlands International, WWT, and WWF International.

• Information on Ramsar sites can be accessed through the Ramsar Sites Information Service (RSIS).

• As of October 2024, the Ramsar Convention has 175 contracting parties.

Ramsar Sites around the World, Important Info

Global Ramsar Sites Overview

• First Ramsar Site: The Cobourg Peninsula in Australia, designated in 1974.

• Largest Ramsar Sites:
  • Rio Negro in Brazil: 120,000 square km
  • Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe in the Democratic Republic of Congo: 60,000 square km
  • Queen Maud Gulf in Canada: 60,000 square km

• Countries with the Most Ramsar Sites:
  • United Kingdom: 175 sites
  • Mexico: 142 sites

• Largest Area Under Ramsar Convention: Bolivia with a total of 148,000 square km

• Current Statistics (as of May 14, 2024)
  • Over 2,514 Ramsar Sites worldwide
  • Covering more than 257,257,413 hectares
  • 172 national governments participating

This information shows how the world is dedicated to saving and wisely using wetlands. Wetlands are important for wildlife and the environment. The Ramsar Convention is doing a great job protecting these areas all over the world.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

🖇️ Source: The Convention on Wetlands

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