[PDF] ATP full form in biology for competitive exams

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What is an ATP Full form in Biology?

• In Biology ATP means Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

• It is an organic compound that provides energy to carry out many processes in living cells.

• Some vital processes are muscle contraction, nerve impulses, condensation, and chemical synthesis.

• ATP Found in all known life forms, ATP is often referred to as the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular energy transfer.

Discovery of ATP

• In 1929, German chemist Karl Lohmann discovered the ATP molecule.

• Later in 1948, Scottish biochemist Alexander Todd was the first to synthesize the ATP molecule.

The energy currency of the cell

• Adenosine 5′-triphosphate, or ATP, is also known as the “energy currency” of cells.

Why ATP is called the energy currency

• ATP is the source of energy in a cell to perform various functions such as cell division, respiration, and photosynthesis.

• Also, ATP is required for the synthesis of DNA and RNA.

• ATP is the primary molecule that stores and transfers energy for future use or can be used in response to energy needs.

• Therefore, ATP is called the ‘energy currency of cells.

Component of ATP

• It is an organic compound comprising phosphate groups, adenine, and sugar ribose.

• These molecules provide energy for various biochemical processes in the body.

• Mitochondria synthesize these ATP molecules, therefore it is called the powerhouse of the cell.

Structure of ATP molecule

• An ATP molecule comprises 3 phosphate groups: adenine and ribose sugar.

• These 3 phosphate groups are linked with high-energy bonds.

• Adenine + Ribose Sugar = Adenosine
• Adenine + Ribose Sugar + 1 P = Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
• Adenine + Ribose Sugar + 2P = Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
• Adenine + Ribose Sugar + 3P = Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Molecular Structure of ATP

How do the ATP molecules produce Energy?

• The three phosphate (triphosphate) groups in the ATP molecule are called high-energy bonds or high-energy P-O-P bonds.

• Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP breaks the P-O-P bonds and releases much energy.

• ATP+H2O → ADP+Pi+ free energy (ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP)

Functions of ATP

• ATP is used to transport various molecules across cell membranes.

• It is also a switch to control chemical reactions and send messages.

• Other functions of ATP include providing the energy needed for blood circulation, muscle contraction, various body movements, and locomotion.

• A significant role of ATP in addition to energy production includes synthesizing the many thousand types of macromolecules necessary for cell survival.

ATP Production

• ATP can be produced through several cellular mechanisms; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are:

1. Glycolysis
2. TCA cycle
3. Beta-oxidation

• TCA cycle or Tricarboxylic acid cycle also called the Citric acid cycle and Krebs Cycle. Each TCA cycle produces 2 ATP.

• In our body, ATP is produced by mitochondria (Power House of Cell), a cellular organelle.

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